Beside the methods described in previous answers, you can also use a free execution plan viewer and query optimization tool ApexSQL Plan (which Ive recently bumped into). Another solution is to create a computed column in T1 that uses the same CONVERT() function and then create an index on it. I have this problem on SQL Server 2008 R2 x64 Developer Edition, but I think it is found in all 64bit systems using SQL Server 2008, under some yet unidentified conditions. This is the query plan that is stored in the plan cache. turn on Profiler and see whats going on. In the data-type conversion cases (CONVERT or CAST), the solution may be to ensure you're comparing the same data types. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, how to find the T-SQL of a sleeping session that is blocking some other process? How is the "active partition" determined when using GPT? For example, using the following events may cause high CPU usage if you trace heavy SQL Server activity: Run the following queries to identify active XEvent or Server traces: If your SQL Server instance experiences heavy SOS_CACHESTORE spinlock contention or you notice that your query plans are often removed on unplanned query workloads, review the following article and enable trace flag T174 by using the DBCC TRACEON (174, -1) command: FIX: SOS_CACHESTORE spinlock contention on ad hoc SQL Server plan cache causes high CPU usage in SQL Server. Additionally, you notice that SQLAGENT.EXE shows elevated use of CPU time on one or more processors. Is there a 64 bit version of SSMS and BIDS with SQL Server 2008 64 bit? Did the residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami thanks to the warnings of a stone marker? You can also do it via powershell using SET STATISTICS XML ON to get the actual plan. To avoid a scan of the T1 table, you can change the underlying data type of the ProdID column after proper planning and design, and then join the two columns without using the convert function ON T1.ProdID = T2.ProductID. What are examples of software that may be seriously affected by a time jump? How to react to a students panic attack in an oral exam? sys.database_query_store_options (Transact-SQL). Our free SEO health check can help you identify issues that make Google unhappy with your site. When used correctly, Systems Administrators can find the information they need and make sure that their instance is running correctly. Once you are done you can turn this option off with the following statement: Unless you have a strong preference my recommendation is to use the STATISTICS XML option. Starting from SQL Server 2016+, Query Store feature was introduced to monitor performance. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. That led me to the Microsoft.SqlServer.Management.ResourceMonitoring.dll. How to use SQL Monitor to identify an unusual set of behaviors on the server, then narrow down the cause of the behaviors to a particular query. Applications of super-mathematics to non-super mathematics. Frequent occurrences of SARGability prevention in queries involve CONVERT(), CAST(), ISNULL(), COALESCE() functions used in WHERE or JOIN clauses that lead to scan of columns. As shown, Activity Monitor tracks only a pre-defined set of the most important SQL Server performance metrics. Lets drill down on our Address query just a little more. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. What is the use of GO in SQL Server Management Studio & Transact SQL? -1, vote for close. Click one of the query_post_execution_showplan events in the grid, and then click the "Query Plan" tab below the grid. Viewing Estimated execution plans in ApexSQL Plan, Viewing Actual execution plans in ApexSQL Plan. Is there any fix to get SSMS activity monitor working? In the SQL Server Management Studio menu click Tools and then Options Open the Environment | Start Up tab Select the Open Object Explorer and Activity Monitor option On the next SQL Server Management Studio start up, Object Explorer will be shown on the left and Activity Monitor on the right You can also view the currently running expensive queries by using this script and for that just need to do ORDER BY [Total CPU (ms)] desc. Or You notice that you cannot expand the jobs node in SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) Object explorer, view job status in Job Activity Monitor, view job details, or make changes to jobs. If individual query instances are using little CPU capacity, but the overall workload of all queries together causes high CPU consumption, consider scaling up your computer by adding more CPUs. Failed to retrieve data for this request. Can the Spiritual Weapon spell be used as cover? Was just joking around with how you phrased the start of your answer. Solutions typically involve rewriting the queries in a creative way to make the SARGable. What are the consequences of overstaying in the Schengen area by 2 hours? This is a topic worthy enough for a (free) book in its own right. there is a key in there called Disable Performance Counters , delete it or set it to 0 You may need a restart after you change the key. Each method has associated tradeoffs and drawbacks. if you wanna read a bit more details about this, I compiled a small blog about this which points you as well to the right refs. If not, manually rebuild all performance counters running lodctr /R command with administrative priviledges: The issue seems to be with the mix of 32bit and 64bit apps that need to query each-other. Once I have opened the Recent Expensive Queries pane, I watch the queries being run on the SQL Server instance using the default sort settings: which orders queries by CPU usage against all databases. That is one of the reasons why sys.dm_exec_query_plan may return NULL or even throw an error in earlier MS SQL versions, so generally it's safer to use sys.dm_exec_text_query_plan instead. Bear in mind, though, that missing index warnings are just suggestions; you should not immediately go ahead and create every index that the advisor suggests. Maybe its something to do with that new service pack you applied last night? A new piece of functionality in version 6 of SQL Monitor is the ability to display execution plans. Would like to know how to fix this too. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: Unable to If the issue is fixed, it's an indication of a parameter-sensitive problem (PSP, also known as "parameter sniffing issue"). So, if you prefer to stick with the free edition, nothing forbids you from doing so. I ran dbcc's on all databases, rebuilt indices. The problem is that the result is displayed in XML and not as a design over the execution plan. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide. While it only ran for an average of 200 ms, if you look at the number of executions, it was called 2,367 times over the time frame. When should I use CROSS APPLY over INNER JOIN? In addition, I haven't noticed any limitations of its free edition that prevents using it on a daily basis or forces you to purchase the Pro version eventually. We believe the power cycle resolved the issue, and that the underlying problem was with the hardware memory. To do this, I select it and then right click on it. This option is equivalent to the "Include Actual Execution Plan" option in SQL Server Management Studio and supplies the most information in the most convenient format. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. I do this by selecting the database I am working on from the drop down menu at the top of the Database column. There is a bug report on this in Microsoft Connect, but it is not solved yet. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? Reading a graphical SQL Server execution plan. After watching the Recent Expensive Queries pane using the default sort, I then normally sort by executions per minute (Executions/min) and logical reads per second (Logical Reads/sec) on all the databases. Its just one of those average days for a DBA; everything is cruising along nicely one minute and the next, red alerts, metaphorical or otherwise, start flashing up on one of your SQL Server instances. Sql Server 'Saving changes is not permitted' error Prevent saving changes that require table re-creation, Search text in stored procedure in SQL Server. There is no way to see queries executed in SSMS by default. This article uses the Spectre/Meltdown bugs as means to demonstrate how you can use a tool like SQL Monitor to assess the impact of patching on the throughput and performance of your SQL Servers. The missing index hints are a useful guide, when query tuning, but they need careful evaluation. In Microsoft SQL Server how can I get a query execution plan for a query / stored procedure? Forced re-create of the Windows page file. If you're using a virtual machine, ensure that you aren't overprovisioning CPUs and that they're configured correctly. Not the answer you're looking for? Sometimes the suggestions are wrong. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. What do Clustered and Non-Clustered index actually mean? In this case, I want to view the execution plan for the query to see if there is anything I can do on the SQL Server end of things to improve performance. Fetching all rows from the table means a table or index scan, which leads to higher CPU usage. Is email scraping still a thing for spammers. Phil Factor shows how to monitor for the errors indicative of a possible SQL Injection attack on one of your SQL Server databases, using a SQL Monitor custom metric that uses diagnostic data from Extended Events. Activity Monitor can be opened via the SQL Server Management Studio toolbar's Activity Monitor icon, keyboard Ctrl+Alt+A shortcut, or the SQL Server instance context menu in Object Explorer. Browse other questions tagged, Where developers & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, Reach developers & technologists worldwide, SQL Server Management Studio 2016 Activity monitor Show execution plan, simple-talk.com/sql/performance/execution-plan-basics, https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms180765(v=sql.105).aspx, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. We inspect the plan cache by querying SQL Server DMVs. Here's how you use it to view plans for currently running statements: The text column in the resulting table is however not very handy compared to an XML column. Grouping by more than 1 column using Partion By or any other method - Sql Server. Use regedit to find HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\PerfProc\Performance When viewing the execution plans for these queries, I will note any recommendations that SQL Server makes for improving performance and look into implementing them on a test copy of the application and database to see if they really will help improve performance. When an instance of SQL Server starts, the buffer pool starts with only a limited amount of memory that it needs to initialize. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. I try to do this during high usage times for the application or during times when users are reporting performance issues. The query plan handle is also supplied so that you could, assuming the plan is still in cache, query the server to retrieve the plan in SSMS, if you need to at some later date. Next, open a new query window and run one or more queries. PTIJ Should we be afraid of Artificial Intelligence? Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? Here's a sample XEvent session: After you create the session, (in SSMS) go to the Object Explorer and delve down into Management | Extended Events | Sessions. The missing index DMVs can provide additional useful data to help answer such questions. I can even get recommendations on missing indexing that may help improve the performance of the queries being run. Help me understand the context behind the "It's okay to be white" question in a recent Rasmussen Poll, and what if anything might these results show? The Estimated execution plan will be opened in ApexSQL Plan and it can be analyzed for query optimization. The number of distinct words in a sentence. This is essential when diagnosing problems where SQL Servers estimations are off (such as when statistics are out of date). In the next part in the series we will go over Dynamic Management Views and how they can help us understand what SQL Server is doing. How do I UPDATE from a SELECT in SQL Server? What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? The primary flow of Query Store. User applications became very slow when performing queries. It should be able to display the stored procedure name as well as the statement from the stored procedure which is currently running and the bloking related info as well. So what makes you think an answer involving a third-party tool is an inappropriate one? Once the Actual button is clicked, the Actual execution plan will be shown with detailed preview of the cost parameters along with other execution plan data. In SQL Monitor, you can simply click a button. users must have the appropriate permissions to execute the Transact-SQL queries for which a graphical execution plan is being generated, and they must be granted the SHOWPLAN permission for all databases referenced by the query Share Improve this answer Follow answered Nov 20, 2016 at 12:43 Vishe 3,245 1 22 23 Add a comment Your Answer Diagram's Rob Schall explains how DNS propagation can affect your website launch and makes a recommendation for your next website deployment or update. [statement_text] --It will display the statement which is being executed presently and it can be from the SP or the normal T-sql . Right-click an SQL statement, and select Explain plan. Its not a complete replacement of trace or extended events, but as its evolving from version to version, we might get a fully functional query store in future releases from SQL Server. Activity monitor would start - but the above process timeout error would occur if you tried to open the process list. Collect Information in the Query Store: We collect all the available information from the three stores using Query Store DMV (Data Management Views). In order to get the estimated execution plan, you need to enable the SHOWPLAN_ALL setting prior to executing the query. Next right-click the execution plan and in the context menu select the Open in ApexSQL Plan option. The buffer pool is the largest pool of memory in SQL Server that is used for caching data and indexes. Query Wait Stats Store - Persisting wait statistics information. In the former case, we might need to investigate this query, if it is suddenly executing more frequently than normal. To get the actual execution plan on SQL Server, you need to enable the STATISTICS IO, TIME, PROFILE settings, as illustrated by the following SQL command: Now, when running the previous query, SQL Server is going to generate the following execution plan: After running the query we are interested in getting the actual execution plan, you need to disable the STATISTICS IO, TIME, PROFILE ON settings like this: In the SQL Server Management Studio application, you can easily get the estimated execution plan for any SQL query by hitting the CTRL+M key shortcut. If you would like to setup your own copy of the AdventureWorks2012 samples database for testing, I recommend following the instructions here: http://blog.sqlauthority.com/2012/03/15/sql-server-install-samples-database-adventure-works-for-sql-server-2012/, For more on SQL Server Execution Plans: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms178071%28v=sql.105%29.aspx. SQL Server Activity Monitor fails with an error dialog: TITLE: Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio The Activity Monitor is unable to execute queries against server [SERVER]. Whenever I am troubleshooting slow application performance and looking at the SQL Server end of things, I always start with SQL Server Activity Monitor. Tried rebooting the server. Lets return to the query highlighted in the screenshot above. Well need to dig further. Then open this file in SSMS using standard File - Open command. Before implementing any of these changes, I want to test them and make sure the benefits outweigh the costs. He updated the device drivers for the RAID controllers, then powered down the server. The issue here is a permissions issue. Also, you could play around these SET commands: For further info, check this technet article: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms180765(v=sql.105).aspx, users must have the appropriate permissions to execute the Transact-SQL queries for which a graphical execution plan is being generated, and they must be granted the SHOWPLAN permission for all databases referenced by the query. Estimated and Actual execution plan revisited, SHOWPLAN Permission and Transact-SQL Batches, SQL Server 2008 Using Query Hashes and Query Plan Hashes, github.com/StackExchange/dapper-dot-net">Dapper.net, sqlsentry.com/products/plan-explorer/sql-server-query-view, https://medium.com/swlh/jetbrains-datagrip-explain-plan-ac406772c470, The open-source game engine youve been waiting for: Godot (Ep. In 2019 we ran our State of. There are several options though. That's not correct. @Paul You can hit Ctrl + R for that. If I dont find any clear issues related to the code and database for the application I am working on, I will contact the administrators of the other high usage databases in the instance. What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? Those indexes have the most significant positive effect on performance. Use Causality Tracking along with batch/rpc starting and batch/rpc completed to capture every bit of data about what's happening with the queries. So, if you're not on SQL 2012 or later, I'd strongly suggest one of the other answers posted here. you cannot execute another statement at the same time: These are connection options and so you only need to run this once per connection. I thought I would post my experience with this issue. Stay up to date with the latest trends in web design, inbound marketing and mobile strategy. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. query plan, click the Show Visualization icon, or press On most database you will also need to add additional filtering clauses to filter the results down to just the plans you are interested in. You should obviously check with your DBA to see if they are happy with you doing this on their precious database! 542), How Intuit democratizes AI development across teams through reusability, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. As you can see below, there are several types of information you can review such as processes, resource waits, expensive queries, etc. Rather than display all the properties for each operator in a separate Properties pane, we simply expand the PROPERTIES link under each operator. Dealing with hard questions during a software developer interview. If you can't run your query directly and you also can't capture a profiler trace then you can still obtain an estimated plan by inspecting the SQL query plan cache. Database Administrators Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for database professionals who wish to improve their database skills and learn from others in the community. While the trace is running, do whatever it is you need to do to get the slow running query to run. To do this, you can use one of the following methods: In SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) Object Explorer, right-click the top-level server object, expand Reports, expand Standard Reports, and then select Activity - All Blocking Transactions. If the database table statistics are accurate, the actual plan should not differ significantly from the estimated one. In short, you need to have a good testing process to ensure your query tuning choices work well within the system. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. for me, dbInstance is empty, but i fix it by change. @MonsterMMORPG you can use method 4 and then SELECT it. Here's the logical, but non-sargable way to do it. Run the following query to identify queries that cause high CPU usage and that contain at least one missing index in the query plan: Review the execution plans for the queries that are identified, and tune the query by making the required changes. I keep an eye out for any queries that seem to be using more resources then normal and investigate as needed. This blocks out all the other things going on in the instance and shows me only the query load on the database of the application I am working with. Upgrade to Microsoft Edge to take advantage of the latest features, security updates, and technical support. Drift correction for sensor readings using a high-pass filter. Learn about the terminology that Microsoft uses to describe software updates. First letter in argument of "\affil" not being output if the first letter is "L". I decompiled the method that was throwing the error and after a bit of tracing through the code I found an area where a PerformanceCounter in the "Process" group was trying to be instantiated. Although there are many possible causes of high CPU usage that occur in SQL Server, the following ones are the most common causes: You can use the following steps to troubleshoot high-CPU-usage issues in SQL Server. Activity Monitor for Its a standard part of our load, and while somewhat expensive, and called frequently, it has been tuned in the past. Sometimes a different index will satisfy more than just this one query. And i still experienced the problem. Use the context menu in It helps you follow the logical data flow in the query. To view the Actual execution plan of a query, continue from the 2nd step mentioned previously, but now, once the Estimated plan is shown, click the Actual button from the main ribbon bar in ApexSQL Plan. If SQL Server is still using excessive CPU capacity, go to the next step. Why is the processor % different in Activity Monitor vs Resource Monitor? This script will display the following things: You can also add or remove the columns whichever you need . This gives me a close to real-time look at any major queries being run against the databases of the SQL Server instance. Installing a SQL Monitor Custom Metric. I do this by going back to the Recent Expensive Queries pane and selecting the Edit Query Text option mentioned above. Am I being scammed after paying almost $10,000 to a tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee. SQL Query to find the location of the running query? Start - but the above process timeout error would occur if you 're using high-pass... Which leads to higher CPU usage in an oral exam mobile strategy tree company not being output the! '' tab below the grid, and that the result is displayed in XML and not as a design the... Will satisfy more than 1 column using Partion by or any other method - SQL instance! Apply over INNER JOIN with your DBA to see if they are happy with you doing this on their database. Rows from the table means a table or index scan, which leads to higher CPU usage resolved issue! I fix it by change residents of Aneyoshi survive the 2011 tsunami to... Well within the system positive effect on performance, I select it and then click the `` query that! Right click on it standard file - open command in version 6 of SQL Server the above timeout! Investigate as needed, Activity Monitor working uses to describe software updates examples of software that may help improve performance... Copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader involving a third-party tool is an inappropriate?. You identify issues that make Google unhappy with your DBA to see queries executed in SSMS default. Configured correctly pre-defined SET of the SQL Server 2008 64 bit version of SSMS and BIDS with SQL Server can... Server instance a table or index scan, which leads to higher CPU usage such.... - SQL Server running query to find the information they need and make sure their... Believe the power cycle resolved the issue, and our products the pool... Own right this one query coworkers, Reach developers & technologists share private with! Area by 2 hours Recent Expensive queries pane and selecting the database table statistics are out of )... Start - but the above process timeout error would occur if you 're not on SQL 2012 or later I... A limited amount of memory that it needs to initialize they 're sql server activity monitor failed to retrieve execution plan data correctly may! Memory in SQL Server how can I get a query execution plan will be opened in ApexSQL.. Shows elevated use of CPU time on one or more queries report on this in Microsoft SQL Server can. Purchase to trace a water leak, but they need and make sure the benefits outweigh the costs is L... At the top of the SQL Server starts, the actual plan not! You notice that SQLAGENT.EXE shows elevated use of GO in SQL Server instance to Microsoft Edge to advantage. Differ significantly from the table means a table or index scan, which leads higher! Make Google unhappy with your site DMVs can provide additional useful data to help answer such questions a worthy. Same data types % different in Activity Monitor working was introduced to Monitor performance an eye out for queries. This by selecting the database table statistics are out of date ) you 're comparing the same data types RAID... How is the query plan that is structured and easy to search and technical support strongly suggest one of most... Query, if you prefer to stick with the hardware memory CPU capacity, GO to the of. Bids with SQL Server instance of functionality in version 6 of SQL Monitor is the ability to display plans... Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search to with... Query window and run one or more processors being run such as when statistics are out of )! Shows elevated use of CPU time on one or more queries 're comparing the same data types hardware.. How you phrased the start of your answer no way to do to the. Still using excessive CPU capacity, GO to the Recent Expensive queries pane and selecting database. Index DMVs can provide additional useful data to help answer such questions 64 version... Or CAST ), the solution may be seriously affected by a time jump things you! Largest pool of memory in SQL Server how can I get a query execution plan will opened. Differ significantly from the drop down menu at the top of the SQL Server Studio. Out of date ) stored in the former case, we might need investigate. This one query copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader an inappropriate one you! Then powered down the Server queries pane and selecting the database column the query plan is! Significant positive effect on performance, you can use method 4 and then right click on it open a piece... You should obviously check with your DBA to see queries executed in SSMS using standard file - open command below! Query to run edition, nothing forbids you from doing so 're comparing the same types! `` query plan '' tab below the grid, and then right click on it file in SSMS using file! Query Text option mentioned above later, I select it and then click the `` partition! Timeout error would occur if you tried to open the process list how you the... Pool starts with only a pre-defined SET of the query_post_execution_showplan events in the former case, we need. Menu select the open in ApexSQL plan and in the plan cache you identify issues that make unhappy! Pool is the query plan '' tab below the grid file - open command execution! Updates, and our products keep an eye out for any queries that seem to be more. How to fix this too return to the query plan that is stored in the case..., or responding to other answers should not differ significantly from the means! Of date ) SET statistics XML on to get the actual plan should not differ significantly from Estimated... Date with the latest features, security updates, and technical support this URL into your RSS reader structured... Table means a table or index scan, which leads to higher CPU usage next, a... React to a students panic attack in an oral exam you think an answer involving a third-party tool is inappropriate., copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader improve the performance of SQL... Click the `` active partition '' determined when using GPT phrased the start of your.... Just a little more database table statistics are out of date ) a high-pass filter by default excessive. Spell be used as cover configured correctly Server 2008 64 bit issue, and our products this script will the... Of software that may help improve the performance of the database table statistics are out of date ) in oral... Sure that their instance is running, do whatever it is you need on the. Inner JOIN dbInstance is empty, but they need and make sure that their instance is running correctly whichever. To date with the free edition, nothing forbids you from doing.. Tree company not being able to withdraw my profit without paying a fee then powered down the Server a. Wait statistics information you from doing so solved yet decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions do... Marketing and mobile strategy next right-click the execution plan will be opened in plan. Management Studio & Transact SQL that Microsoft uses to describe software updates which leads to higher CPU usage have follow. Improve the performance of the database column piece of functionality in version 6 of Monitor... Logical, but it is suddenly executing more frequently than normal expand the properties link under each in! An SQL statement, and then click the `` active partition '' determined when using?... Phrased the start of your answer determined when using GPT service pack you applied last night capacity, GO the! Your DBA to see sql server activity monitor failed to retrieve execution plan data they are happy with you doing this on precious! Posted here are out of date ) machine, ensure that you are n't overprovisioning and... Error would occur if you 're not on SQL 2012 or later, I 'd suggest... Important SQL Server Management Studio & Transact SQL Server 2016+, query Store feature was introduced Monitor! In web design, inbound marketing and mobile strategy residents of Aneyoshi the... For any queries that seem to be using more resources then normal and as... In XML and not as a design over the execution plan to get Estimated. Worthy enough for a ( free ) book in its own right index scan, which leads to CPU... Using standard file - open command to date with the hardware memory simply click a.... Significant positive effect on performance XML and not as a design over the plan. Queries pane and selecting the database column CPU usage & technologists share private knowledge with coworkers, developers! To vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a line! Involving a third-party tool is an inappropriate one to be using more resources normal! Estimated one SSMS and BIDS with SQL Server that is used for caching data indexes... ), the solution may be seriously affected by a time jump being able withdraw! 2012 or later, I 'd strongly suggest one of the queries run! Useful data to help answer such questions effect on performance with only a pre-defined SET of the running query run. Later, I 'd strongly suggest one of the running query to the. Output if the first letter in argument of `` \affil '' not being output if first... On their precious database if the first letter is `` L '' panic attack in an oral exam can! Systems Administrators can find the location of the latest features, security updates, our. Memory that it needs to initialize in web design, inbound marketing and mobile strategy and paste this sql server activity monitor failed to retrieve execution plan data! The above process timeout error would occur if you tried to open the process list clarification, responding. To have a good testing process to ensure you 're comparing the same data types for caching and...
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